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In second half of the twentieth century, the main danger to public health and public health problem had come from non-communicable diseases, particularly cardiovascular system, which today is the leading cause of morbidity, disability and mortality of the adult population. There have been a “rejuvenation” of these diseases. They began to spread among the population in developing countries countries.

In most economically developed country, ranked diseases of the circulatory system, first among the causes of disease morbidity and mortality, although their prevalence in different regions vary widely. In Europe, two thirds of all deaths each year, cardiovascular disease and cancer, and is even higher in the U.S. These amounts account for half of all deaths in fact it is 2.5 times more than all cancers combined, while a quarter of the deaths of cardiovascular disease consists of people under 65 years.

Diseases of the cardiovascular system is a lot Some of them are mainly diseases of the heart, while others -. Mainly arteries (atherosclerosis) or veins, and the other hit the cardiovascular system as a whole (hypertension) Diseases of the cardiovascular system can be. caused by congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, and others. Congenital defects in the structure of the heart and large vessels, often referred to as congenital heart disease.

There are also diseases of the cardiovascular system, an underlying inflammatory process. Sometimes thisinflammation bacterial. This means that the inner membrane of the heart valves or the outer membranes of heart, the bacteria replicate and thus causing purulent inflammation of heart.

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels with a filling of liquid tissue -. Blood Blood vessels are divided into arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins arteries carry blood from the heart to tissues, the tree-like branching into smaller and smaller vessels. . and transformed into arterioles, which is divided into a system of very thin vessels, capillaries from the capillaries begin small blood vessels, they merge together and become stronger Cardiovascular system to deliver blood is necessary to perform its transport functions -. delivery to the tissues of nutrients and oxygen and removing metabolic products and carbon dioxide. In the center of the circulatory system is the heart of the arrival of large and small circulation.

Systemic circulation begins large artery-aorta distinguishes large number of medium-sized arteries, and these -.. For thousands of small arteries, the latter further divided into many capillary wall of capillaries with high permeability, such exchange. of substances between blood and tissues: nutritional and oxygen to pass through the wall of capillaries in tissue fluid and then into the cells, in turn, provides the cells in the tissue liquid carbon dioxide and other metabolic products that come in capillaries.

Arteries are elastic tubes of different calibers The wall consists of three layers – outer, middle and inner the outer shell is formed by connective tissue .. Average – muscle – consists of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers Smooth inner shell lines. vessels from the inside and covered by its lumen surface cells (endothelium). Because of the endothelium allows unobstructed blood flow and is supported by its liquid state. blockage or narrowing of the arteries leading to serious disturbances in blood circulation.

Veins has the same structure with the arteries, but the walls are much thinner than the arteries, can slow down. In the lower part of the body muscular arteries because they had to overcome gravity and must take the blood against gravity The inner shell of the arteries forming folds in the form of pockets -. Valves, which are arranged in pairs at regular intervals and prevent back flow of blood.

Heart – the hollow muscular organ located in the chest cavity behind the breastbone. Most of the heart (about 2 / 3) is on the left side of the chest, a small (about 1 / 3) – in the right, an adult male, is the weight of the heart an average of 332g, and the woman. – 254g. Heart pumps about 4.5 liters of blood in a minute.

The wall of the heart consists of three layers of the inner layers -. Endocardium – lines the cavity of the heart from the inside, and its offshoots form the heart valves endocardium consists of smooth flat endothelial middle layer -.. Cardiac muscle – is formed by a special cardiac striated muscle tissue The outer layer, epicardium -. covering the outer surface of the heart and the nearest parts of the aorta, pulmonary trunk and hollow veins.

Atrio-ventricular valves close the holes that the wing structure. Valve between left atrium and ventricle is the bicuspid or mitral, tricuspid and right side. The edges of the valve leaflets tendon strings are attached to papillary muscles. Around holes pulmonary trunk and aortic valves are semi moon. Each of them has three pockets that open in the direction of blood flow in these vessels. When you reduce the pressure in the ventricles of the heart, they are filled with blood, their edges are closed by closing the lumen of the aorta and pulmonary trunk and prevent the penetration of the inverse of blood to the heart. Sometimes the heart valves, damaged in some diseases (rheumatism, atherosclerosis), can not be closed, heart broken, it is the heart of cardiovascular defects.

Diseases system.

Atherosclerosis

The bases of many lesions of the cardiovascular system is the term atherosclerosis is derived from the Greek words ather – wheat paste and sclerosis – a firm and reflects the essence of the process:. Deposition of fat in the arterial wall masses who buy into the following form slurry, and the development of connective tissue with subsequent thickening and deformation of the arterial wall. Ultimately, this leads to a narrowing of the lumen of the arteries and reduce their elasticity, which allows the flow of blood on them.

Atherosclerosis – a chronic disease of the arteries of large and medium, characterized by the deposition and accumulation of atherogenic plasma apoprotein-B containing lipoproteins, followed by a reactive growth of connective tissue and the formation of plaque Atherosclerosis in the first place. usually affects the large arteries:. aorta, coronary arteries, the arteries that supply the brain (internal carotid artery) When atherosclerosisnarrows lumen of the artery, increasing the density of the arterial wall, reducing its tensile strength, in some cases the stretching of the aneurysmal wall of artery.

Found that many external and internal, including genetic factors are responsible for ofatherosclerosis development or influence its course. One reason for the disparity in atherosclerosis consider the contents of the various classes of lipoproteins in blood plasma, some of which contribute to the transport of cholesterol in the vascular wall, that is atherogenic, others hinder this process. The occurrence of similar violations and the development of atherosclerosis contribute to long-term intake of foods containing too much animal fat that is rich in cholesterol. Factor of excess fat consumption is particularly easy to implement when there is insufficient development of liver enzymes that break down cholesterol. Meaning, those with high activity of these enzymes do not develop atherosclerosis, even in the long-term intake of foods containing large amounts of animal fats.

Description of over 200 contributory factor to atherosclerosis, or influence its course, but most importantly, high blood pressure, obesity, physical inactivity and smoking, which applies to most risk factors foratherosclerosis. According to a survey atherosclerosis significantly more common among patients with hypertension than in those with normal blood pressure.

The earliest manifestations of atherosclerosis, lipid stains, or lipid strips, often found in childhood. This flat spots yellowish, of various sizes, which are located below the inner membrane of the aorta, usually in her thoracic region. Yellowish spots attached cholesterol contained in them. Over time, some lipid soluble stains, while others, in contrast, grows, occupying an increasing area, gradually transformed into a flat area protruding into the lumen of the artery cholesterol plaques. Later nascent plaque compressed into connective tissue, often delayed calcium salts. Increasing plaque begins to narrow the artery and sometimes very close. Vessels that supply it to the ground, injured, and plaque can rupture with the formation of bleeding, which promises plaque, increasing narrowing of the artery to completely shutdown. Inadequate blood supply to the plaque itself often leads to that the contents are partly necrotizing form a mushy detritus. platelets in the blood is able to stick to the intact vascular wall and deposited in an area devoid of endothelium, giving rise to the development of thrombus.

Widespread and significant expression of aortic atherosclerosis may be the cause of his aneurysm, which is manifested symptoms of compression of adjacent organs of the aorta. The most dangerous complications of an aortic aneurysm is its delamination and rupture.

The basis for prevention of atherosclerosis is a rational way of life: work and rest, reducing the likelihood of mental overstrain, with the exception of inactivity, classes’ recreational physical activity and stopping smoking and drinking Nutrition is very important:. Stability normal body weight, elimination of large quantities of food of animal fats and replacing them with vegetable fat is enough content in the diet of vitamins, especially vitamin C intake of sweets. Important in the prevention of atherosclerosis is early detection of hypertension and diabetes, predisposing to the development of vascular lesions, and their systematic carefully controlled treatment.

Heart

Myocardial infarction-an acute disease of the heart caused by the development of a or more areas of necrosis in cardiac and manifest cardiovascular activity, observed more often in men aged between 40 to 60 years. Usually occurs as a result of heart arteries with atherosclerosis, when there is a narrowing of their lumens. frequently joined this blockage of blood vessels in his area of destruction, resulting in blood in whole or in part ceases to flow to that part of the heart muscle, and formed the focus of necrosis (necrosis) in 20% of all cases of heart attack is fatal, and in 60-70% -. in the first 2 hours.

In most cases, the heart attack begins with a sharp physical or mental strain. Usually develops during the exacerbation of ischemic heart disease during this period, called pre-infarction, frequent angina, less efficient action of nitroglycerin. It can last from several days to several weeks.

The important manifestation of heart attack – a long bouts of intense pain in my chest burning, pressing, less tearing, burning nature, which does not disappear after re-taking nitroglycerin Attack lasts more than an hour (some sometimes several hours), followed by. severe weakness, feeling the fear of death, and shortness of breath and other signs of disturbance in heart.

In most cases, myocardial infarction accompanied by characteristic changes in the ECG, which can be delayed, sometimes appear a few hours or days after the reduction in pain intensity.

If you experience a sharp pain behind the breastbone, not disappearing after administration of nitroglycerin, an urgent need to call an ambulance is needed. Based on careful examination of the patient, including ECG, it is possible to detect the disease. Before the arrival of the doctor to the patient and maximize physical and mental rest: it should be, as far as possible to curb When you’re choking or shortness of breath, the patient must give Half-upright in bed Although nitroglycerin heart makes .. not completely eliminate the pain, re-use it as appropriate and necessary, bring noticeable relief and distraction tools:. mustard on the heart and sternum, warm feet, warm hands.

With the preventive point of view is important that all of the sudden acute cardiac weakness, especially the attack of cardiac asthma in elderly and senile, should first and foremost provide health care for the development of myocardial infarction pain .

There is a sudden stomach pain, vomiting, abdominal bloating, and sometimes paralysis of the intestine. This version of myocardial infarction is most difficult to diagnose. Localization of pain in the stomach can lead to erroneous diagnosis of acute abdomen. Known case of mistaken gastric lavage were observed in these patients.

Sometimes infarction is clinically detectable only in heart rhythm disturbances.

During myocardial identify the following periods:

Myocardial infarction found in many complications. Among the early complications of heart attack is the most important forms of shock (collapse), often as heart failure, severe cardiac arrhythmia, external and internal break in the heart muscle.

Patients with acute illness are in need of constant supervision by staff. During the first episode is often followed by repeated, more serious. The disease can be complicated by acute heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, etc.

Care and treatment of heart attacks

All reviews, including diet and regime, gives a doctor. If the treatment is performed at home, caring for sick relatives exercise under medical supervision.

Nutrition differentiated and varied, but in the first days of the disease is better to eat less, preferring the less high-calorie foods, preferably fruit and vegetable purees. Food that cause bloating, such as peas, milk, etc., are omitted from the diet because it can raise the membrane and squeezes the heart. Fatty meals, smoked and salted foods, all types of alcoholic beverages is prohibited.

From the first days of treatment with no complications the doctor prescribes individually selected complex physical therapy. Care should be taken to a room where the sick, the air was always fresh.

Rehabilitative therapy aimed at preparing the patient with coronary disease to an active lifestyle, from the first days of treatment. It is performed under the supervision and guidance of physician.

Day regime should be strictly regulated. Paste and go to bed each day is better at once. Sleep duration of at least 7 hours. Nutrition should be a four-time, diverse, rich in vitamins and limited in calories (less than 2500 kcal / day) Stop smoking and alcohol abuse -. necessary conditions for the prevention of heart attack infarction.

Cardiac arrhythmia

Cardiac arrhythmia – a number of discrepancies in the creation or implementation of the excitation pulses to the heart, most often seen in heart rhythm disturbances, or frequency of their contractions Some arrhythmias are detected only by ECG and, in cases of violations of rhythm. or the rate of heart contractions are often felt by the patient, detected by auscultation of the heart and the probing pulse in arteries.

Normal, or sinus rhythm of the heart-shaped excitation pulses that occur with some frequency in certain cells in the right atrium and propagating the conduction system in the atria and ventricles of the heart. The emergence of cardiac arrhythmia can be caused by the formation of the excitation pulses outside the sinus node, circulation or abnormal slowing of conduction along the conducting system of the heart due to congenital abnormalities of development, or in connection with disorders of the nervous regulation of the activity or heart disease.

Cardiac arrhythmia varied in their manifestations, and vary in clinical significance. Major cardiac arrhythmias are premature beats, paroxysmal tachycardia, bradycardia with heart block and atrial fibrillation. The latter, in most cases associated with heart disease, often observed in some rheumatic heart disease.

Manifested atrial fibrillation full spasmodic heart rate, often combined with increased frequency. It can be permanent and paroxysmal in nature, with attacks of arrhythmia, sometimes for several years before his permanent form.

In elderly and senile cardiac arrhythmias usually occur on the basis cardiosclerosis, but their origins are often involved ischemic myocardium dystrophy. Ecological changes in the myocardium most contribute to the emergence of arrhythmia in the heart, when they are located in the sinus node and operating system. Cause cardiac arrhythmias can be congenital anomalies of these structures.

In pathogenised arrhythmia major role played by changes in the relationship between the content of potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium in myocardial cells and extracellular environment.

Coronary heart disease

Coronary heart disease -. Acute and chronic heart failure caused by a reduction or cessation of delivery of blood to the heart muscle due to the atherosclerotic process in coronary arteries concept was proposed in 1957, the WHO team in most cases the reason for this is .. dramatic narrowing of one or more branches of the coronary arteries feeding the heart, due to lesions of atherosclerosis. Restriction of blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced delivery to him of oxygen, nutrients, and removal of waste products of metabolism, toxins.

Depending on a combination of several factors manifestations of coronary heart disease may be different. The first manifestation may be sudden death or heart attack, angina, heart failure, heart rhythm disturbances. Often, this disease affects young people (aged 30-40 years), active lifestyles, leading to great moral and economic losses. The annual mortality from coronary heart disease varies from 5, 4 to 11.3%, depending on the number of sick arteries and severity of coronary heart disease atherosclerosis.

Coronary can occur in both acute and chronic. Wide spread of the disease in most people of working age has transformed coronary heart disease in important social and medical problem. Increased incidence of coronary heart disease is caused primarily by a decline. physical activity, family history, obesity and other risk factors, incidence of coronary heart disease is higher among people that is inherent in the constant pursuit of success in all areas: long-term overload operation. Such complex features are sometimes called “coronary personality profile.”

During a longer period of disease, it is characterized by exacerbations, interspersed with periods of relative prosperity, when the disease may not manifest itself subjectively first sign of coronary artery disease -.. Angina occurs during exercise in what can bind with attacks occurring at rest. Paroxysmal pain is located in the upper or middle part of the sternum or retrosternal area on the left edge of the sternum. By the nature of pain is a pressing, rending, or nagging, minor stitching.

In diagnosis of coronary heart disease are widely used electrocardiographic methods. ECG is usually recorded in 12 leads at rest once or repeatedly.

Therapy in coronary heart disease aims to restore the lost balance between the inflow of blood to the heart muscle significant role in the prevention of coronary heart disease is diet Its fundamental principles: .. Limiting the total amount and calorie intake, so that to maintain a healthy body weight, a significant restriction of animal fat and carbohydrates, excluding alcoholic beverages, food fortification with vegetable oils and vitamins C and Group B. In moderate physical activity is recommended to eat four times a day at regular intervals, with a calorie daily diet in 2500 kcal. The diet should include foods that contain large amounts of valuable protein, raw vegetables, fruit and berries.

Hypertensive heart disease

Hypertensive heart disease is a disease of the cardiovascular system, characterized by continuous or intermittent high blood pressure. Unlike other forms of hypertension, this increase is not the result of another illness.

It is the most common illness worldwide, affecting all sorts of races and people. In the United States in the 70s there were about 60 million people with high blood pressure and only ¼ of the adult population registered with a “perfect” blood pressure. Cause of hypertension is not made public until the end. But the basic mechanisms leading to stable high blood pressure is known leading one among them is the nervous mechanism Its primary link -.. feelings, spiritual experiences, along with healthy people of different reactions, including high blood pressure pressure.

To prevent future development of hypertension, reduced voltage;. Relieve the accumulated “charge” of emotion This discharge is most naturally arising in relation to increased physical activity.

The steady progression of hypertensive diseases can be stopped and even reversed by an appropriate treatment. Medicine offers a variety of tools that increase the excretion of renal excretion of salt. Therefore, patients with hypertensive disease often prescribed diuretics.

Reliably known that chubby man who suffers from hypertension, is sometimes enough to get rid of excess body weight to blood pressure back to normal without medication. In fact, with the disappearance of fat is eliminated as unnecessary an extensive network of tiny blood vessels that develop in this tissue as it grows. In other words, fat deposits forcing the heart muscle to work under high pressure in the system of blood vessels.

Thus, each individual owner to prevent the development of hypertension, without resorting to drugs, this is proved by observations of large groups of patients , .. Strictly implement the recommendations of physical activity, nutrition, low calorie and loss of salt in food One-year observation period showed that most people have normal blood pressure, reduced body weight, and eliminated the need for antihypertensive drugs.

Hypertensive heart disease is not one of those incurable. Arsenal of modern medicine is adequate to maintain blood pressure at the desired level, and thereby inhibit the progression of disease.

Measures for the prevention of hypertension coincides with the recommendations for patients. They are particularly necessary for people with an inherited predisposition to disease.

Risk factors for cardiovascular system

Smoking

Tobacco contains the alkaloid nicotine. Nicotine raises blood pressure, constricts the small blood vessels, faster breathing. Inhalation of smoke containing combustion products of tobacco reduces the oxygen content of arterial blood.

In second half of the twentieth century, smoking has become a regular habit. The observation period of six years for the murder of 45 men 49 years showed that overall mortality regular smokers was 2.7 times higher than non-smokers. According to U.S. scientists in the U.S., cigarette smoking every year 325,000 premature deaths.

In a study, we show that the average number of cases of cardiovascular disease per year per 1000 people aged 45-54 years for smokers equals 8.1, with smoked per day 20 Cigarettes – 11.2, while smoking more than 20 cigarettes – 16.2, ie twice as nonsmokers.

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Nicotine and carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide), apparently, are the main damaging factors. Cigarette smoke contains up to 26% carbon monoxide, moves into the bloodstream and binds to hemoglobin (the main transporter of oxygen), thus breaking the ability to transport oxygen to tissues.

Harm of smoking is so high that in recent years introduced measures against smoking: banned the sale of tobacco products to children, smoking in public places and transport, etc.

Psychological factors

This factor has always attached, and is of great importance for the development of cardiovascular disease . Over the past few years have been particularly thorough study of human behavior. Was isolated type behavior (type A *)

“Type A” behavior is an emotional driving range seen in humans involved in endless attempts to do more with less and less time, these people often find elements of “freely express” hostility, .. Easily occur at the slightest provocation In individuals with behavioral features of type “A” has marked symptoms. These people are often simultaneously perform several tasks (reading while shaving, eating, etc.), during the conversation, they also think of other things, not just pay attention to the conversation partner. The rapidly. go and eat in order to convince these people to change their lifestyle, it is difficult for several reasons:

They are generally proud of their behavior and believe that success in work and society, which they achieved, is associated with this type of behavior.

Persons behavior of type A *, are generally pragmatic, and it is difficult to understand how their behavior can lead to heart disease.

In most cases, this energetic, hard working people who provide great benefit to society. And the challenge is to convince them to acquire such habits that will counteract the adverse effect of the characteristics of their behavior on health.

Obesity

In most economically developed countries, obesity has become widespread and constitutes a serious public health problem . The reason for this, in most cases seen in the deviation between the arrival of a large number of food calories and low power consumption due to sedentary lifestyles. The prevalence of obesity, is minimal at 20-29-year-olds (7.8%), with age has increased steadily to 11%, 30-39-year-olds. While the 40-49 year olds it increases up to 25.7% – to 50-59 years olds.

The link between obesity and risk of cardio-vascular system is quite complicated, since, is an independent risk factor.

Overweight received much attention from the fact that it is amenable to correction without the use of drugs. Definition of normal body weight, because for these purposes are not a homogeneous criteria.

Reducing excess body weight and maintain it at a normal level, the challenge is difficult. Controlling body weight, it is necessary to monitor the amount and composition of the food and physical activity, diet should be balanced, but the food must be low calorie.

Elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood

Cholesterol circulating in the blood in the form of a dense form of lipoprotein. A certain level of cholesterol in the blood is maintained by cholesterol comes from food, and synthesis in the body. Evolved in practice the limit of the normal cholesterol level is conditional Considered normal blood levels of cholesterol is 6.72 mmol / l (260 mg) Lower levels of blood cholesterol, 5.17 mmol / l (200 mg) and during -.. dangerous.

Quite less often elevated levels of cholesterol are present the blood. Blood cholesterol level 6.72 mmol / l (260 mg) and higher in men between the ages of 40-59 are found in 25.9% of cases.

Rapid change in the twentieth century lifestyle associated with industrialization, urbanization and mechanization, to a large extent contributed to the disease in the cardiovascular system has become a mass phenomenon among the population in economically developed countries.

Modern principles for the prevention of cardiovascular disease is based on anti-risk factors. Across the world, prevention programs have shown that it is possible to reduce mortality from cardiovascular diseases observed in recent years in some countries, the best evidence. It should be emphasized that some of these risk factors are common to a number diseases.

Major lifestyle habits laid in childhood and adolescence, so it becomes especially important to teach children healthy lifestyles to prevent them from developing habits that are risk factors for cardiovascular disease ( smoking, overeating, etc.).

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